8–13%
of women of reproductive age are affected worldwide (WHO)
Up to 70%
of affected women remain undiagnosed (WHO)
2 of 3
Rotterdam criteria needed for a PCOS diagnosis
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — often called polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) in India — is a common hormonal and metabolic condition. It typically involves irregular or absent ovulation, higher-than-usual levels of androgens (“male” hormones), and, in many women, ovaries that look enlarged with multiple small follicles on ultrasound. It is also closely linked with insulin resistance.
PCOS vs PCOD: the two terms are used interchangeably in everyday conversation. Clinically, “PCOS” is the recognised diagnostic term, because the condition affects far more than the ovaries — it can influence metabolism, skin, hair, weight, mood and long-term heart and diabetes risk.
According to the World Health Organization, PCOS affects an estimated 8–13% of reproductive-age women, and up to 70% of those affected are undiagnosed — which is why early evaluation matters.
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood. Research points to a combination of genetic, hormonal and lifestyle factors:
Insulin resistance — high insulin stimulates the ovaries to produce more androgens and disrupts ovulation.
Hormonal imbalance — raised androgens and altered LH/FSH signalling interfere with follicle maturation.
Family history — PCOS, type 2 diabetes or irregular cycles in close relatives increase risk.
Excess weight and inactivity — worsen insulin resistance, though lean women can have PCOS too.
Low-grade chronic inflammation — commonly seen in PCOS and linked to higher androgen production.
Chronic stress and poor sleep — can aggravate hormonal and metabolic disturbance.
Symptoms vary widely from one woman to another. Consider seeing a specialist if you notice:
Irregular, infrequent or absent periods — fewer than 8–9 cycles a year, or cycles longer than 35 days.
Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism) — on the chin, upper lip, chest or abdomen.
Persistent acne or oily skin — especially along the jawline, not responding to routine care.
Scalp hair thinning — male-pattern thinning at the crown or temples.
Weight gain or difficulty losing weight — particularly around the abdomen.
Dark, velvety skin patches (acanthosis nigricans) — on the neck, underarms or groin; a marker of insulin resistance.
Difficulty conceiving — due to infrequent or absent ovulation.
Mood changes, fatigue, disturbed sleep — anxiety, low mood and sleep apnoea are more common in PCOS.
Untreated PCOS can raise the long-term risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, fatty liver, endometrial overgrowth and heart disease. Early evaluation helps protect both your fertility and your long-term health.
PCOS is not one-size-fits-all. Doctors classify it into four phenotypes based on which features are present, which helps tailor treatment:
High androgens + irregular ovulation + polycystic ovaries. Usually the most metabolically affected group.
High androgens + irregular ovulation, with ovaries that look normal on ultrasound.
High androgens + polycystic ovaries, but cycles remain fairly regular.
Irregular ovulation + polycystic ovaries without clinical or lab signs of high androgens; generally the mildest.
Diagnosis is made after other conditions (thyroid disease, high prolactin, non-classic adrenal hyperplasia) are ruled out. A woman is generally diagnosed when two of the following three features (Rotterdam criteria) are present:
Irregular or absent ovulation
Clinical or blood-test evidence of high androgens
Polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound (or, in adults, a raised AMH level as per current international guidance)
Common investigations and what each tells us:
| Investigation | Type | What It Shows | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pelvic Ultrasound (TVS/TAS) | Imaging | Follicle count, ovarian volume, endometrial thickness | Polycystic-looking ovaries also occur in healthy women |
| Hormone Profile (LH, FSH, Testosterone, DHEAS, Prolactin, TSH) | Blood test | Androgen excess and exclusion of look-alike conditions | Levels vary with cycle day and medication |
| AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone) | Blood test | Ovarian follicle reserve; often raised in PCOS | Not diagnostic on its own |
| Fasting Glucose, Insulin, HbA1c / OGTT | Blood test | Insulin resistance and diabetes risk | Needs fasting and correct interpretation |
| Lipid Profile & Liver Function | Blood test | Cholesterol and fatty-liver risk | Indicates risk, not the cause of PCOS |
There is no single “cure” for PCOS, but symptoms can be managed very effectively. Your plan depends on your age, symptoms, phenotype and whether you are planning a pregnancy.
First-line treatment for every woman with PCOS. Even a 5–10% weight reduction (where relevant) can improve cycle regularity, ovulation and insulin sensitivity. Includes a low-glycaemic diet, structured exercise, sleep correction and stress management.
Depending on your goals, your doctor may prescribe hormonal regulation of cycles, insulin-sensitising medication such as metformin, anti-androgen therapy for hair and acne, or ovulation-induction medicines when trying to conceive. All medicines are prescribed and monitored by a qualified doctor.
For women planning pregnancy: cycle tracking, ovulation induction, IUI, IVF and, in selected cases, laparoscopic ovarian drilling — coordinated with fertility specialists.
Research into stem cell–based and other regenerative approaches for ovarian function and insulin resistance is ongoing. At StemRx, any regenerative option is discussed only after a full clinical evaluation, only where you are eligible, and strictly in line with applicable Indian regulations and ethical guidelines. Our doctors will always explain what is established, what is still investigational, and what outcomes you can realistically expect. These approaches are supportive and do not replace lifestyle and standard medical care.
Every PCOS patient follows a structured, patient-centred pathway:
Your doctor reviews your cycle history, symptoms, weight changes, family history, previous treatments and your goals (cycle regulation, skin/hair concerns, or fertility).
Hormone profile, metabolic tests and a pelvic ultrasound are planned. Tests such as fasting glucose and insulin may require 8–10 hours of fasting.
We identify your PCOS type and screen for insulin resistance, thyroid problems, fatty liver and cardiovascular risk.
A written plan combining nutrition, exercise, medical therapy and, where appropriate and permitted, regenerative options — with clear, honest discussion of benefits, limitations and costs.
Regular review of cycles, weight, blood sugar and hormone levels, with adjustments to your plan every few months.
PCOS cannot always be prevented, but its impact can be greatly reduced with these habits:
Balanced, low-glycaemic diet — more vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts and lean protein; fewer refined carbohydrates and sugary drinks.
Regular exercise — aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week, plus strength training twice a week.
Healthy sleep — 7–8 hours a night; poor sleep worsens insulin resistance.
Stress reduction — yoga, breathing exercises, meditation or counselling.
Track your cycle — note period dates and symptoms; share them at every visit.
Annual health screening — blood sugar, lipids and blood pressure, even if you feel well.
Take medicines as prescribed — do not stop or self-medicate without your doctor’s advice.
Specialist-Led Evaluation — a thorough assessment by experienced doctors rather than a one-size-fits-all prescription.
Root-Cause Focus — we address insulin resistance, hormones and lifestyle together, not just the visible symptoms.
Honest Guidance on Regenerative Options — clear explanation of what is proven, what is investigational and what is suitable for you.
Integrated Support — coordination with dietitians, fitness and mental-wellness professionals and fertility specialists.
Transparent Communication — clear plans, timelines and costs explained upfront.
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PCOS is a long-term condition and currently has no definitive cure. However, symptoms can be controlled very well, cycles can be regularised and many women conceive naturally or with treatment.
In everyday use, yes. Doctors use “PCOS” as the formal diagnosis because it captures the hormonal and metabolic effects beyond the ovaries.
Yes. PCOS is one of the most treatable causes of ovulation-related infertility. Lifestyle changes, ovulation-induction medicines and assisted reproduction help most women conceive.
If you carry excess weight, a modest loss of 5–10% often improves symptoms noticeably. Women with normal weight can also have PCOS, and for them the focus is on insulin sensitivity, diet quality and exercise.
No. Pills are one option, but insulin-sensitising medication, lifestyle change and cyclic progestin therapy may also be used. Your doctor will choose based on whether you want pregnancy.
Stem cell–based treatment for PCOS is still an area of active research and is not yet a standard, guideline-recommended treatment. At StemRx, regenerative options are discussed only after evaluation, only where eligible and permitted by Indian regulations, and never as a replacement for proven care.
Bring any previous ultrasound and blood reports. Your doctor will advise on further tests such as hormone profile, AMH, fasting glucose and insulin, and lipid profile.
Seek prompt care for very heavy bleeding, no period for more than 3 months, severe pelvic pain, sudden rapid hair growth or voice deepening, or symptoms of high blood sugar such as excessive thirst and frequent urination.
Speak with the StemRx team for a personalised PCOS evaluation and a clear plan for your next steps.
This page is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual condition.
